财政部 国家税务总局


关于增值税、营业税若干政策规定的通知(附英文)
财税[1994]26号

1994年5月5日，财政部、国家税务总局

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅（局）、税务局：
新税制实施以来，各地陆续反映了一些增值税、营业税执行中出现的问题。经研究，现将有关政策问题规定如下。
一、关于集邮商品征税问题
集邮商品，包括邮票、小型张、小本票、明信片、首日封、邮折、集邮簿、邮盘、邮票目录、护邮袋、贴片及其他集邮商品。
集邮商品的生产、调拨征收增值税。邮政部门销售集邮商品，征收营业税；邮政部门以外的其他单位与个人销售集邮商品，征收增值税。
二、关于报刊发行征税问题
邮政部门发行报刊，征收营业税；其他单位和个人发行报刊，征收增值税。
三、关于销售无线寻呼机、移动电话征税问题
电信单位（电信局及经电信局批准的其他从事电信业务的单位）自己销售无线寻呼机、移动电话，并为客户提供有关的电信劳务服务的，属于混合销售，征收营业税；对单纯销售无线寻呼机、移动电话，不提供有关的电信劳务服务的，征收增值税。
四、关于混合销售征税问题
（一）根据增值税暂行条例实施细则（以下简称细则）第五条的规定，“以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者”的混合销售行为，应视为销售货物征收增值税。此条规定所说的“以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务”，是指纳税人的年货物销售额与非增值税应税劳务营业额的合计数中，年货物销售额超过50％，非增值税应税劳务营业额不到50％。
（二）从事运输业务的单位与个人，发生销售货物并负责运输所售货物的混合销售行为，征收增值税。
五、关于代购货物征税问题
代购货物行为，凡同时具备以下条件的，不征收增值税；不同时具备以下条件的，无论会计制度规定如何核算，均征收增值税。
（一）受托方不垫付资金；
（二）销货方将发票开具给委托方，并由受托方将该项发票转交给委托方；
（三）受托方按销售方实际收取的销售额和增值税额（如系代理进口货物则为海关代征的增值税额）与委托方结算货款，并另外收取手续费。
六、关于棕榈油、棉籽油和粮食复制品征税问题
（一）棕榈油、棉籽油按照食用植物油13％的税率征收增值税；
（二）切面、饺子皮、米粉等经简单加工的粮食复制品，比照粮食13％的税率征收增值税。粮食复制品是指以粮食为原料经简单加工的生食品，不包括挂面和以粮食为原料加工的速冻食品、副食品。粮食复制品的具体范围，由国家税务总局各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市直属分局根据上述原则确定，并上报财政部和国家税务总局备案。
七、关于出口“国务院另有规定的货物”征税问题
根据增值税暂行条例第二条：“纳税人出口国务院另有规定的货物，不得适用零税率”的规定，纳税人出口的原油；援外出口货物；国家禁止出口的货物，包括天然牛黄、麝香、铜及铜基合金、白金等；糖，应按规定征收增值税。
八、关于外购农业产品的进项税额处理问题
增值税一般纳税人向小规模税人购买的农业产品，可视为免税农业产品按10％的扣除率计算进项税额。
九、关于寄售物品和死当物品征税问题
寄售商店代销的寄售物品（包括居民个人寄售的物品在内）、典当业销售的死当物品，无论销售单位是否属于一般纳税人，均按简易办法依照6％的征收率计算缴纳增值税，并且不得开具专用发票。
十、关于销售自己使用过的固定资产征税问题
单位和个体经营者销售自己使用过的游艇、摩托车和应征消费税的汽车，无论销售者是否属于一般纳税人，一律按简易办法依照6％的征收率计算缴纳增值税，并且不得开具专用发票。销售自己使用过的其他属于货物的固定资产，暂免征收增值税。
十一、关于人民币折合率问题
纳税人按外汇结算销售额的，其销售额的人民币折合率为中国人民银行公布的市场汇价。
十二、本规定自一九九四年六月一日起执行。

CIRCULAR ON SOME POLICY REGULATIONS CONCERNING VALUE-ADDED TAX ANDBUSINESS TAX

(The Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation: 5May 1994 [94] Coded Cai Shui Zi No. 026)

Whole Doc.
To Financial Departments (Bureaus) and Tax Bureaus of Various Provinces,
Autonomous Regions and Municipalities and Cities With Independent
Planning:
Since implementation of the new tax system, various localities have
made successive reports on some issues arising in the course of
implementing the levy of value-added tax and business tax. After study, we
hereby stipulate the following policy-related questions:
I. Question concerning taxable philately commodities
These commodities include stamps, small paper, small promissory
notes, postcards, first day covers, stamp album, stamp booklets, postal
discs, stamp lists, mailbags and other philately commodities.
Value-added tax is levied on the production and allocation of
philately commodities. Business tax is levied on the philately commodities
sold by postal departments; and value-added tax is levied on the philately
commodities sold by other units and individuals.
II. Questions concerning levying taxes on the distribution of newspapers
and magazines
Business tax is levied on the newspapers and magazines distributed by
postal departments; value-added tax is levied on the newspapers and
magazines distributed by other units and individuals.
III. Questions Concerning the sales of wireless beepers and mobile
telephones
Telecommunications units (telecommunications bureau and other units
approved by the telecommunications bureau to engage in telecommunications
business) themselves sell wireless beepers and mobile telephones and
provide clients with related telecommunications labor services. These
belong to mixed sales on which business tax is levied; value-added tax is
levied on those who purely sell wireless beepers and mobile telephones,
but do not provide relevant telecommunications labor service.
IV. Questions related to levying taxes on mixed sales
(1) In accordance with the stipulations of Article 5 of the Detailed
Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added
Tax (hereinafter referred to as Detailed Rules), the mixed selling acts
performed by enterprises, units of an enterprise nature as well as
individual managers who engage mainly in the production, wholesale or
retail sales of goods and concurrently provide non-taxable labor services
shall be regarded as marketing goods on which value-added tax is levied.
The phrase "engage mainly in the production, wholesale or retail sales of
goods and concurrently provide non- taxable labor services" mentioned in
the stipulations of this article refers to the situation in which among
the combined total of the tax payer's annual sale volume of goods and the
taxable labor service business volume of non value-added tax, the annual
sales volume of goods exceeds 50 percent, while the taxable labor service
business volume of non value-added tax, is less than 50 percent.
(2) Value-added tax is levied on the mixed selling acts performed by
the units and individuals who engage in transport business as they sell
goods and take charge of the transport of the goods sold.
V. Questions concerning levying taxes on the goods purchased on a
commission basis
Acts related to the commission purchase of goods which conform to the
following conditions are exempt from value-added tax; value-added tax is
levied on those not concurrently conforming to the following conditions
irrespective of how accounting is done as specified in the accounting
system.
(1) The consignee does not pay funds in advance;
(2) The goods seller gives an invoice to the consignor, and the
consignee transmits the invoice to the consignor;
(3) The consignee settles the account of the money paid for goods
with the consignee in accordance with the sales volume and VAT volume
actually collected by the seller (commission import goods are the volume
of VAT levied for the customs), service charge is collected separately.
VI. Questions concerning levying taxes on reproduction of palm oil, cotton
seed oil and grain
(1) Value-added tax is levied on palm oil and cotton seed oil at a 13
percent rate for edible vegetable oil;
(2) On simply processed food replicas such as cut noodles, dumpling
wrappers and rice flour, value-added tax is levied in light of a 13
percent rate for grain. Food replicas refer to simply processed raw
foodstuffs with grain as the main raw material, excluding fine dried
noodles and quick-frozen food and non-staple foods processed with grain as
raw material. The concrete scope for grain replicas shall be determined in
accordance with the above- mentioned principle by the sub-bureaus directly
under the various provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and cities
with independent planning and shall be reported to the Ministry of Finance
and the State Administration of Taxation for the record.
VII. Questions concerning levying tax on the export of goods for which
there are separate regulations of the State Council
According to the stipulations of Article 2 of the Provisional
Regulations Concerning Value-Added Tax: "the zero tax rate shall not be
applied to goods exported by the tax payer for which there are separate
regulations of the State Council". the crude exported by the tax payer,
export goods for foreign aid, goods whose export is prohibited by the
state, including natural bezoar, musk, copper and acid bronze alloy,
platinum and sugar, value-added tax shall be levied according to
regulations.
VIII. Questions related to the handling of the amount of tax on the
external purchase of agricultural products
The agricultural products purchased by the ordinary VAT payer from
the small-scale tax payer can be regarded as tax-free agricultural
products and the amount of tax which shall be calculated at a 10 percent
deducting rate.
IX. Questions concerning the levying of tax on consigned goods and dead
pawn goods
For consigned goods sold by the commission shop (including consigned
goods of individual residents), and dead pawn goods sold by pawnbroking,
value-added tax shall be paid, whose amount is calculated at a 6 percent
dutiable rate according to a simple method no matter whether the selling
unit belongs to ordinary tax payer or not, and no special invoice shall be
issued.
X. Questions concerning the levying of tax on the sales of used fixed
assets
Units and individual managers who sell their used pleasure-boats,
motorcycles and consumption tax payable vehicles shall all pay value-added
tax whose amount is calculated at a 6 percent taxable rate according to a
simple method no matter whether the seller belongs to ordinary tax payer
or not, and no special invoice shall be issued. Those who sell other
fixed assets which belong to goods they themselves have used are exempt
from value-added tax for the time being.
XI. Questions concerning the conversion rate of Renminbi
When the tax payer who calculates the sales volume in accordance with
the settlement of foreign exchange, the conversion rate of Renminbi for
the sales volume shall be the market rate of exchange announced by the
People's Bank of China.
X II. These regulations go into effect on June 1, 1994.


关于股权执行的理论依据及实践中应注意的问题

马洪玲


　　对股权的执行当明来说已经不是新型案件，而且越来越多的股权执行案件将成为执行案件的一部分。最高院没有明确规定。

一、执行股权的概述

　　最高人民法院《关于人民法院执行工作若干问题的规定（试行）》（以下简称《执行规定》）第五十一条至五十六条，对执行股权作了明确规定，在此之前，有关执行股权的法律是空白的，即没有明确的规定。针对实践中存在的问题，《执行规定》对执行股权作了明确规定，这样既拓展了执行的方法，又充实了执行工作的内容，同时也体现了执行工作丰富的内涵。

（一）股权的概念和特征
　　股权是股东因其出资而取得的，依法定或公司单程规定的规则和程序参与公司事务并在公司享有财产权益，具有转让时的权利。执行股权与股权自身特征密切关联，股权具有以下主要特征：

1、股权包括自益权和共益权两项基本内容
　　自益权是股东自己可行使的权利。主要包括股息、红利分配请求权，新股认购权，公司剩余财产分配请求权，是纯粹的财产权益。共益权是指以公司利益为目的，与其他股东共同行使的权利。主要包括重大经营决策表决权、董事等人事任免权、对董事经理的质询权、监督权，还有知情权。

2、股权是一种财产性权利
　　股东向公司进行投资而获利股权，将其出资转化为注册资本，从而取得参与公司事务的权利，并享有公司中的财产利益。因此股权具有明显的财产性，这样也就不难理解股权在执行理论中的可供执行性。

3、股权是一种可转让的权利
　　股权作为股东的财产，因其具有财产属性，从而具有可转让性。这一属性，在公司法中有着明确的规定，但同样附加着一定条件。

（二）执行股权的基本原则

1、对股权的保护原则

　　执行股权对股权的保护具体表现在两个方面，第一，如果被执行人除在中外合资、合作企业中的股权以外别无其他财产可供执行，其他股东又不同意转让的，可以直接强制转让被执行人的股权。第二，对股权的执行，按照规定首先应执行已到期的身处或红利，如已到期的股息或红利不能满足申请执行人的权益，还可以执行被执行人预期从有关企业中应得的股息或红利，或者下一年的股息或红利。
2、优先受让原则
　　在执行股权时，应昼满足其他股东的权利，尤其要注意对优先购买权的保障。由此可见，对股权执行是在其他股东同意的基础上进行的，如不同意，其他股东则行使优先购买权，不行使优先购买权，则视为同意，方可执行股权。
3、维护法人财产原则
　　一个企业的法人财产，只对其自身债务承担责任，即用其所有的财产独立承担民事责任。执行股权时，执行股东依据股权享有的财产利益，因股权本身并不体现为具体财产，公司对这些出资享有法人财产所有权，只有涉及到公司自身债务，和可以执行这些财产，否则就会构成对公司财产权利的侵犯。

二、实践中执行股权存在的问题

　　执行股权的实施丰富了执行工作的内涵，提高了对申请执行人债权的保护程度。但执行工作实践中，由于对执行股权法律的理解和实践操作不同，常常做法不一，又出现了执行工作多样化和复杂化的很多问题。这些情况的出现有立法的原因，也有工作中对执行股权有关规定的理解偏差，具体表现在以下几方面。

（一）投资权益和股权区分不明问题

　　投资权益是指投资于资本市场的股票、债券、证券投资基金等带来的权利和收益。从这一概念可看出股权包含在投资权益之内，是投资权益中一个方面的权益。而在执行实践中通常对投资权益理解为股东向公司进行投资，因出资而取得的参与公司事务并在公司中享有的财产利益，具有转让性的权利。《执行规定》第五十三至第五十五条，并列提到投资权益和股权，这样的并列使用主要是为了避免目前对这类权利的叫法较多且乱而造成个人理解的偏差。
　　因此，对被执行人在公司中的投资权益的执行，应称为执行股权。对于被执行人独资开办企业中拥有的投资，也应舍弃“投资权益”这一概念。这样才能真正理解投资权益的概念，同时，也可打破认为执行投资权益就是执行股权这一传统和错误的观念。

（二）对被执行人投资开办的下属人执行的问题

　　在实践中，有的执行人员认为被执行人开办的企业法人，其资产应属被执行人完全所有，应视为被执行人财产，可直接予以执行。这种做法是错误的，按照公司制度的一般原理，公司登记成立后，公司的财产即独立于投资者财产而存在。不允许对被执行人投资开办的下属企业法人财产进行直接执行。《执行规定》所提的直接裁定予以转让，注重的是执行实践中，不需任何人同意与否而直接执行的方式，而不是对其财产的直接执行。

（三）执行股权与公司特属股权和转让数量问题

　　《公司法》第一百四十二条规定，发起人持有公司股份，自公司成立之日起一年内不得转让。对《公司法》这一规定应理解为只适用于当事人自主协议转让股权的行为，而法院在强制执行转让股权是为了债权人利益而实施的国家行为，不存在违法投机行为。但受让人应继续遵循公司法对转让人的规定。
《公司法》对公司管理人员转让股份进行了限制，这些人在任期间每年转让的股份不得超过其所持有公司股份总数的25%.对这类股权的执行，根据执行工作的特有属性，仍不受《公司法》的规定限制，可以执行。